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CCRN Portal Hypertension

CCRN Portal Hypertension Review

CCRN Portal Hypertension Overview

Portal hypertension is an increase in the pressure within the portal vein (the vein that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver). The increase in pressure is caused by a blockage in the blood flow through the liver. Increased pressure in the portal vein causes large veins (varices) to develop across the esophagus and stomach to get around the blockage. The varices become fragile and can bleed easily.

Signs and Symptoms

The onset of portal hypertension may not always be associated with specific symptoms that identify what is happening in the liver. But if you have liver disease that leads to cirrhosis, the chance of developing portal hypertension is high. The main symptoms and complications of portal hypertension include: Gastrointestinal bleeding: Black, tarry stools or blood in the stools; or vomiting of blood due to the spontaneous rupture and bleeding from varices.
  • Ascites: An accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
  • Encephalopathy: Confusion and forgetfulness caused by poor liver function and the diversion of blood flow away from your liver.
  • Reduced levels of platelets or decreased white blood cell count.

Causes

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis or scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis results from the healing of a liver injury caused by hepatitis, alcohol abuse or other causes of liver damage. In cirrhosis, the scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and slows its processing functions. Portal hypertension may also be caused by thrombosis, or a blood clot that develops in the portal vein.

Treatment

The effects of portal hypertension can be managed through diet, medications, endoscopic therapy, surgery, or radiology. Once the bleeding episode has been stabilized, treatment options are prescribed based on the severity of the symptoms and on how well your liver is functioning. First level of treatment When you are first diagnosed with variceal bleeding, you may be treated with endoscopic therapy or medications. Dietary and lifestyle changes are also important. Endoscopic therapy consists of either sclerotherapy or banding. Sclerotherapy is a procedure performed by a gastroenterologist in which a solution is injected into the bleeding varices to stop or control the risk of bleeding. Banding is a procedure in which a gastroenterologist uses rubber bands to block the blood supply to each varix (enlarged vein). Medications such as beta blockers or nitrates may be prescribed alone or in combination with endoscopic therapy to reduce the pressure in your varices and further reduce the risk of recurrent bleeding. The drug lactulose can help treat confusion and other mental changes associated with encephalopathy. This medication has the ability to increase the amount of bowel movements you will have per day. Dietary and lifestyle changes Maintaining good nutritional habits and keeping a healthy lifestyle will help your liver function properly. Some of the things you can do to improve the function of your liver include the following: Do not use alcohol or street drugs. Do not take any over-the-counter or prescription drugs without first consulting with your physician or nurse. Some medications may make liver disease worse, and they may interfere with the positive effects of your other prescription medications. Follow the dietary guidelines given to you by your physician or nurse. Follow a low-sodium (salt) diet. You will probably be required to consume no more than 2 grams of sodium per day. Reduced protein intake is required only if confusion is a symptom. Your dietitian will help you create a meal plan that helps you follow these dietary guidelines  

Critical Care Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
CCRN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Prep Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click Free Trial Link To Get Started - CCRN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How It Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

CCRN Predictor Exam

CCRN Predictor Exam

  • 150 Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

CCRN Question Bank

CCRN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

CCRN Practice Questions

CCRN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

CCRN Review

CCRN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions 
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Online Review 

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $350.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

             

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CCRN Obstructive Sleep Apnea

CCRN Obstructive Sleep Apnea

CCRN Obstructive Sleep Apnea Overview

Obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder. It causes breathing to repeatedly stop and start during sleep. There are several types of sleep apnea, but the most common is obstructive sleep apnea. This type of apnea occurs when your throat muscles intermittently relax and block your airway during sleep. A noticeable sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring. Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea are available. One treatment involves using a device that uses positive pressure to keep your airway open while you sleep. Another option is a mouthpiece to thrust your lower jaw forward during sleep. In some cases, surgery may be an option too.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Loud snoring
  • Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep
  • Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking
  • Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat
  • Morning headache
  • Difficulty concentrating during the day
  • Experiencing mood changes, such as depression or irritability
  • High blood pressure
  • Nighttime sweating
  • Decreased libido

Causes

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of your throat relax too much to allow normal breathing. These muscles support structures including the back of the roof of your mouth (soft palate), the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate (uvula), the tonsils and the tongue. When the muscles relax, your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in and breathing may be inadequate for 10 seconds or longer. This may lower the level of oxygen in your blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide. Your brain senses this impaired breathing and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don't remember it. You can awaken with shortness of breath that corrects itself quickly, within one or two deep breaths. You may make a snorting, choking or gasping sound. This pattern can repeat itself five to 30 times or more each hour, all night long. These disruptions impair your ability to reach the desired deep, restful phases of sleep, and you'll probably feel sleepy during your waking hours. People with obstructive sleep apnea may not be aware that their sleep was interrupted. In fact, many people with this type of sleep apnea think they slept well all night.

Risk Factors

  • Excess weight
  • HTN
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes
  • Family History
  • Asthma

Complications

  • Daytime fatigue
  • Cardiac problems
  • Eye problems

Treatments

Polysomnography
  • During this sleep study, you're hooked up to equipment that monitors your heart, lung and brain activity, breathing patterns, arm and leg movements, and blood oxygen levels while you sleep.
Home sleep apnea testing 
  • Under certain circumstances, your doctor may provide you with an at-home version of polysomnography to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea. This test usually involves measurement of airflow, breathing patterns and blood oxygen levels, and possibly limb movements and snoring intensity.
 

Critical Care Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
CCRN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Prep Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click Free Trial Link To Get Started - CCRN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How It Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

CCRN Predictor Exam

CCRN Predictor Exam

  • 150 Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

CCRN Question Bank

CCRN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

CCRN Practice Questions

CCRN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

CCRN Review

CCRN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions 
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Online Review 

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $350.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

             

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CCRN Asthma

CCRN Asthma

CCRN Asthma Overview 

Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. Asthma can't be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it's important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed.

Signs and Symptoms 

  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest tightness or pain
  • Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
  • A whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling (wheezing is a common sign of asthma in children)
  • Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu

Causes 

Exposure to various irritants and substances that trigger allergies (allergens) can trigger signs and symptoms of asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include:
  • Airborne substances, such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander or particles of cockroach waste
  • Respiratory infections, such as the common cold
  • Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma)
  • Cold air
  • Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke
  • Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen (Aleve)
  • Strong emotions and stress
  • Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages, including shrimp, dried fruit, processed potatoes, beer and wine
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat

Risk Factors 

  • Having a blood relative (such as a parent or sibling) with asthma
  • Having another allergic condition, such as atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
  • Being overweight
  • Being a smoker
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Exposure to exhaust fumes or other types of pollution
  • Exposure to occupational triggers, such as chemicals used in farming, hairdressing and manufacturing

Complications 

  • Signs and symptoms that interfere with sleep, work or recreational activities
  • Sick days from work or school during asthma flare-ups
  • Permanent narrowing of the bronchial tubes (airway remodeling) that affects how well you can breathe
  • Emergency room visits and hospitalizations for severe asthma attacks
  • Side effects from long-term use of some medications used to stabilize severe asthma

Treatments 

Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers, taking steps to avoid them and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol.  

Critical Care Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
CCRN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Prep Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click Free Trial Link To Get Started - CCRN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How It Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

CCRN Predictor Exam

CCRN Predictor Exam

  • 150 Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

CCRN Question Bank

CCRN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

CCRN Practice Questions

CCRN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

CCRN Review

CCRN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions 
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Online Review 

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $350.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

             

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CCRN Pneumonectomy

CCRN Pneumonectomy Review

CCRN Pneumonectomy Overview

A pneumonectomy is a type of surgery to remove one of your lungs because of cancer, trauma, or some other condition. You have two lungs: a right lung and a left lung. These lungs connect to your mouth through a series of tubes. Through these tubes, the lungs bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body. Oxygen is necessary for all functions of your body. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that the body needs to get rid of. Most people can get by with only one lung instead of two, if needed. Usually, one lung can provide enough oxygen and remove enough carbon dioxide, unless the other lung is damaged.

Indications For Surgery

The most common reason for a pneumonectomy is to remove tumorous tissue arising from lung cancer. In the days prior to the use of antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, tuberculosis was sometimes treated surgically by pneumonectomy. The operation will reduce the respiratory capacity of the patient; before conducting a pneumonectomy, the surgeon will evaluate the ability of the patient to function after the lung tissue is removed. After the operation, patients are often given an incentive spirometer to help exercise their remaining lung and to improve breathing function. A rib or two is sometimes removed to allow the surgeon better access to the lung.
  • Lung Cancer
  • Traumatic lung injury
  • Pulmonary tuberculosis
  • Fungal infections of the lung
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Congenital lung disease
  • Bronchial blockage with a destroyed lung
  • Pulmonary metastases (cancer that has spread to the lungs from another site in the body)

Surgical Risks

  • Respiratory failure
  • Blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism)
  • Pneumonia
  • Shock
  • Complications from anesthesia
  • Too much bleeding
  • Abnormal heart rhythms
  • Reduced blood flow to the heart
 

Critical Care Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
CCRN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Prep Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click Free Trial Link To Get Started - CCRN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How It Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

CCRN Predictor Exam

CCRN Predictor Exam

  • 150 Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

CCRN Question Bank

CCRN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

CCRN Practice Questions

CCRN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Sample Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

CCRN Review

CCRN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions 
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Online Review 

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $350.00

           

CCRN Online Review

CCRN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

             

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PCCN Unstable Angina

pccn unstable angina

PCCN Unstable Angina

Unstable angina is a condition in which your heart doesn't get enough blood flow and oxygen. It may lead to a heart attack. Angina is a type of chest discomfort caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium). Angina, which may also be called angina pectoris, is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in your chest. Some people with angina symptoms describe angina as feeling like a vise is squeezing their chest or feeling like a heavy weight has been placed on their chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs evaluation by a doctor, or recurring pain that goes away with treatment. Although angina is relatively common, it can still be hard to distinguish from other types of chest pain, such as the pain or discomfort of indigestion. If you have unexplained chest pain, seek medical attention right away.

Signs and Symptoms

Chest pain or discomfort, possibly described as pressure, squeezing, burning or fullness
  • Pain in your arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back accompanying chest pain
  • Nausea
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating
  • Dizziness

Causes

The main cause is CAD.

Risk Factors

  • Tobacco Use
  • DM, HTN
  • Old Age
  • High Cholesterol
  • Heart Disease
  • Old Age
  • Stress, Obesity
  • Lack of Exercise

Treatment

There are many options for angina treatment, including lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty and stenting, or coronary bypass surgery. The goals of treatment are to reduce the frequency and severity of your symptoms and to lower your risk of a heart attack and death.  

PCCN National Exam Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
PCCN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Practice Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click The Free Trial Link To Get Started - PCCN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How The Course Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

PCCN Predictor Exam

PCCN Predictor Exam

  • 125 Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

PCCN Question Bank

PCCN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

 

PCCN Practice Questions

PCCN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

PCCN Review

PCCN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $275.00

           

 

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Online Review

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

           

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PCCN Rhabdomyolysis

PCCN Rhabdomyolysis

PCCN Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. This can lead to serious complications such as renal (kidney) failure. This means the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine. In rare cases, rhabdomyolysis can even cause death.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Dark, red, or cola-colored urine
  • Decreased urine output
  • General weakness
  • Muscle stiffness or aching (myalgia)
  • Muscle tenderness
  • Weakness of the affected muscles
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain
  • Seizures
  • Weight gain (unintentional)

Causes

When muscle is damaged, a protein called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. It is then filtered out of the body by the kidneys. Myoglobin breaks down into substances that can damage kidney cells. Rhabdomyolysis may be caused by injury or any other condition that damages skeletal muscle. Problems that may lead to this disease include:
  • Trauma or crush injuries
  • Use of drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, statins, heroin, or PCP
  • Genetic muscle diseases
  • Extremes of body temperature
  • Ischemia or death of muscle tissue
  • Low phosphate levels
  • Seizures or muscle tremors
  • Severe exertion, such as marathon running or calisthenics
  • Lengthy surgical procedures
  • Severe dehydration

Treatment 

Treatment depends on the severity of the case, symptoms, and presence of additional health complications that may increase the risk of kidney damage. In severe cases, kidney damage can be irreversible without early treatment. One treatment method is intravenous fluid therapy. Large volumes of water are often administered to the veins for long time in order to rehydrate the body and flush out any myoglobin. Other treatment options for severe rhabdomyolysis include:
  • urine alkalization
  • dialysis
  • filtration of the blood (in very severe cases)
 

PCCN National Exam Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
PCCN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Practice Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click The Free Trial Link To Get Started - PCCN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How The Course Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

PCCN Predictor Exam

PCCN Predictor Exam

  • 125 Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

PCCN Question Bank

PCCN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

 

PCCN Practice Questions

PCCN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

PCCN Review

PCCN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $275.00

           

 

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Online Review

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

           

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PCCN Acute Coronary Syndrome

pccn Acute Coronary Syndrome

PCCN Acute Coronary Syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome is a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart. One such condition is a heart attack (myocardial infarction) โ€” when cell death results in damaged or destroyed heart tissue. Even when acute coronary syndrome causes no cell death, the reduced blood flow changes how your heart works and is a sign of a high risk of heart attack. Acute coronary syndrome often causes severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and care. The goals of treatment include improving blood flow, treating complications and preventing future problems.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Chest pain (angina) or discomfort, often described as aching, pressure, tightness or burning
  • Pain spreading from the chest to the shoulders, arms, upper abdomen, back, neck or jaw
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Indigestion
  • Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
  • Sudden, heavy sweating (diaphoresis)
  • Lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting
  • Unusual or unexplained fatigue
  • Feeling restless or apprehensive

Causes

Acute coronary syndrome usually results from the buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) in and on the walls of coronary arteries, the blood vessels delivering oxygen and nutrients to heart muscles. When a plaque deposit ruptures or splits, a blood clot forms. This clot blocks the flow of blood to heart muscles. When the supply of oxygen to cells is too low, cells of the heart muscles can die. The death of cells โ€” resulting in damage to muscle tissues โ€” is a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Even when there is no cell death, the decrease in oxygen still results in heart muscles that don't work the way they should. This change may be temporary or permanent. When acute coronary syndrome doesn't result in cell death, it is called unstable angina.

Risk Factors

  • Aging
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Obesity or overweight
  • Diabetes
  • Family history of chest pain, heart disease or stroke
  • History of high blood pressure, preeclampsia or diabetes during pregnancy

Treatment

The immediate goals of treatment for acute coronary syndrome are:
  • Relieve pain and distress
  • Improve blood flow
  • Restore heart function as quickly and as best as possible
Long-term treatment goals are to improve overall heart function, manage risk factors and lower the risk of a heart attack. A combination of drugs and surgical procedures may be used to meet these goals.  

PCCN National Exam Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
PCCN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Practice Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click The Free Trial Link To Get Started - PCCN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How The Course Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

PCCN Predictor Exam

PCCN Predictor Exam

  • 125 Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

PCCN Question Bank

PCCN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

 

PCCN Practice Questions

PCCN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

PCCN Review

PCCN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $275.00

           

 

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Online Review

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

           

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PCCN Chronic Renal Failure

PCCN Chronic Renal Failure

PCCN Chronic Renal Failure

Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When chronic kidney disease reaches an advanced stage, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body. In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you may have few signs or symptoms. Chronic kidney disease may not become apparent until your kidney function is significantly impaired.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Signs and symptoms of kidney disease may include:
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Sleep problems
  • Changes in how much you urinate
  • Decreased mental sharpness
  • Muscle twitches and cramps
  • Swelling of feet and ankles
  • Persistent itching
  • Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
  • Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
  • High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are highly adaptable and able to compensate for lost function, signs and symptoms may not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.

Causes

Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:
  • Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
  • Interstitial nephritis, an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
  • Vesicoureteral reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
  • Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis 

Risk Factors 

Factors that may increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include:
  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Being African-American, Native American or Asian-American
  • Family history of kidney disease
  • Abnormal kidney structure
  • Older age

Complications

Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications may include:
  • Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
  • A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening
  • Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease
  • Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
  • Anemia
  • Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
  • Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
  • Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
  • Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
  • Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
  • Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival

Treatment

Depending on the underlying cause, some types of kidney disease can be treated. Often, though, chronic kidney disease has no cure. Treatment usually consists of measures to help control signs and symptoms, reduce complications, and slow progression of the disease. If your kidneys become severely damaged, you may need treatment for end-stage kidney disease.  

PCCN National Exam Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
PCCN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Practice Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click The Free Trial Link To Get Started - PCCN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How The Course Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

PCCN Predictor Exam

PCCN Predictor Exam

  • 125 Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

PCCN Question Bank

PCCN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

 

PCCN Practice Questions

PCCN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

PCCN Review

PCCN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $275.00

           

 

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Online Review

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

           

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PCCN Ischemic Bowel

PCCN Ischemic Bowel

PCCN Ischemic Bowel Disease

Ischemic bowel disease results from inadequate flow of oxygenated blood to the intestines. The extent of ischemic bowel disease can range from mild to severe based on the amount of damage from lack of oxygenated blood. This is a potentially serious condition and immediate medical care. The sooner ischemic bowel disease is treated, the more favorable the outcome.

Signs and Symptoms

Ischemic bowel disease may cause:
  • Cramping and abdominal pain
  • Bloody stools
  • Frequent urge to defecate
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Abdominal distension

Causes

Ischemic bowel disease occurs when an artery that supplies blood becomes blocked or narrowed. There are several possible causes of ischemic bowel disease, including:
  • Blockage in the arteries due to a tumor or blood clot
  • Narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the bowel from atherosclerosis
  • Obstruction in the colon
  • Low blood pressure
  • Certain medications such as diuretics, chemotherapy drugs, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Risk Factors

Ischemic bowel disease is more common in older adults. Other factors that may increase your chances of developing ischemic bowel disease include:
  • Shock induced by conditions such as blood stream infection and blood loss
  • Recent heart attack
  • Sustained heart arrhythmias
  • Heart failure
  • Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or other vascular surgeries
  • Colon cancer
  • Certain medications that cause arteries to narrow
  • Diabetes
  • Hemodialysis
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Dehydration
  • Pregnancy

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the severity of the ischemia and include the following:
  • Supportive Care
  • Antibiotics
  • Surgery
 

PCCN National Exam Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
PCCN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Practice Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click The Free Trial Link To Get Started - PCCN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How The Course Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

PCCN Predictor Exam

PCCN Predictor Exam

  • 125 Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

PCCN Question Bank

PCCN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

 

PCCN Practice Questions

PCCN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

PCCN Review

PCCN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $275.00

           

 

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Online Review

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

           

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PCCN Myocardial Infarction

PCCN Myocardial Infarction

PCCN Myocardial Infarction

A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked. The blockage is most often a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries). The plaque eventually breaks away and forms a clot. The interrupted blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your chest or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back
  • Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Cold sweat
  • Fatigue
  • Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness

Causes

A heart attack occurs when one or more of your coronary arteries become blocked. Over time, a coronary artery can narrow from the buildup of various substances, including cholesterol (atherosclerosis). This condition, known as coronary artery disease, causes most heart attacks.

Risk Factors

  • Tobacco Use, HTN
  • High Cholesterol
  • DM, Obesity
  • Family History
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Lack of Activity
  • Stress, Drug Use

Treatment

  • Aspirin
  • Thrombolytics
  • Anti-platelets
  • Pain Relievers
  • Nitroglyerin 
  • Beta Blockers
  • Statins, ACEI
 

PCCN National Exam Courses

Overview

  • Elite Reviews Offers A Variety Of Online Courses That Will More Than Adequately Help Prepare The Critical Care Nurse To Pass The National Exam.
  • Each Course Includes Continuing Education Credit and Sample Questions.

Continuing Education

  • Each Of Our Online Courses Has Been Approved Continuing Education Contact Hours by the California Board of Nursing
  • Login To Your Account In Order To Access The Course Completion Certificate Once The Course Is Complete.
PCCN Free Trial
  • FREE Sample Lecture & Practice Questions
  • Available For 24 Hrs After Registration
  • Click The Free Trial Link To Get Started - PCCN Free Trial

 

How It Works

How The Course Works

  • First - Purchase The Course By Clicking On The Blue Add To Cart Button - You Will Then Be Prompted To Create A User Account.
  • Second - After Creating An Account, All 3 Options (90, 120 or 150 Days) Will Be Listed. Select The Option You Desire And Delete The Other Two.
  • Third - You Will Be Prompted To Pay For The Review Using PayPal - After Payment You Will Be Redirected Back To Your Account.
  • Last - Click The Start Button Located Within Your Account To Begin The Program

PCCN Predictor Exam

PCCN Predictor Exam

  • 125 Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 5 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $75.00

           

PCCN Question Bank

PCCN Question Bank

  • 1250+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 25 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $200.00

           

 

PCCN Practice Questions

PCCN Practice Questions Bundle

  • 1350+ Prep Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 30 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $225.00

             

PCCN Review

PCCN Review Course 

  • Option 1
  • Lectures & 1250+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 35 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $275.00

           

 

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Online Review

  • Option 2
  • Lectures & 2000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 40 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $325.00

           

PCCN Online Review

PCCN Review Course Bundle

  • Option 3
  • Lectures & 3000+ Questions
  • Q & A With Rationales
  • Approved For 70 CEU's
  • 90 Days Availability
  • Cost $375.00

           

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